aryuchu

"Normalization : An Exercise

2009-05-03T05:38:00.000-07:00

ER Diagram

I have givened an ER Diagram :

make a normalization from ERD picture above....??...

From the picture above,we can see two that confusion can lead to an error occurs :

- No cardinality between PART and PROJECT, and

- Ternary relationship have on the relationship.

ER-Diagram can be improved as below:

ERD is doing so at the mapping tables, we can make all the normalization of the table.

1NF

A table on the form said to be normal 1 if did not reside in the unnormalized form of a table, where there is a kind of field multiplication and field that allows a null (empty). Relations, there is a condition in First Normal Form (1NF) if and only if all domains are covered only atomic value, for example, there is no recurrence group (domains) in a tuple. Advantage of the 1NF relation compared Unnormalized (UNRs) is a simplification in the form of representation and ease of use in developing a query language. Its Insuffiency is the need to duplicate data. Most of the system relations (not all) require a form of relations in 1NF.

2NF

The form of normal 2NF met in a table if it meets the form of 1NF, and all the attributes than the primary key, have a full Functional Dependency on primary key. A table does not meet 2NF, if there are attributes that depended (Functional Dependency) are only partial (only depending on the part of the primary key). If there are attributes that have no dependence on the primary key, then the attributes must be moved or removed

3NF

3NF the changes only at the Pegawai table, Because there is no relation with the primary key that has a non-key attributes of each table above and all tables are considered normal up to 3NF.

DATABASE NORMALIZATION

2009-04-25T19:34:00.000-07:00

NORMALIZATION

Process The Database Device ( Review )

· Collecting requirement user / business

· Developing E-R Model pursuant to requirement user / business

· Converting E-R Model to relationship gathering ( tables )

· Relationship normalization to eliminate the anomali

· Implementation to database by making table to every relationship is normalization

Normalization of Data Bases

· Normalization is process of forming of structure of data bases so that most ambiguity can be eliminated.

· Normalization Phase started from lightest phase ( 1NF) tightest till ( 5NF)

· Usually only come up with the storey level 3NF or BCNF of because have adequate enough to yield the tabless which good with quality.

Why is conducted normalization ?

Normalization Conducted bcause :

Optimalisasi Structure of is tables of
Improving speed
Eliminating same data inclusion
More efficient in storage media use
Lessening redundansi
Avoiding anomali ( insertion anomalies, deletion anomalies, update the anomalies).
improved Data integrity

A tables told by goodness ( efisien) or normal if fulfilling 3 criterion :

· If there is decomposition of is tables of, hence decomposition have to be secured ( Lossless-Join Decomposition). Its Meaning, after the tables elaborated / decompositioni become the new tabless, the new tabless can yield the tables from the beginning with is of equal precisely.

· The looking after of functional depending at the (time) of data change ( Dependency Preservation).

· Do not impinge the Normal Boyce-Code of Form ( BCNF)

If third criterion ( BCNF) cannot be fullfiled, hence at least the tables do not impinge the Normal Form of third phase ( 3rd Normal of Form / 3NF).

Functional Dependency

Functional Dependency depict the relation attributes in a relationship

A attribute told by functionally dependant of at other if we use the the attribute value to determine the other attribute value.

Symbol used is to deputize the functional dependency read functionally determine

Symbol used is → to deputize the functional dependency
Notation: A → B

A And B is attribute from a tables. Mean functionally A determine the B or B of depend on A, if and only if there is 2 data line with the same value A, hence assess the B also is of equal

Notation: A ∕→ B Or A x→ B

Is reverse from previous notation.

Functional Dependency

Example :

Functional Dependency from tables of value

Nrp → Name

Because to each;every same value Nrp, hence assess the Name also is of equal

{ Mata_Kuliah, NRP } → Value

Because attribut Assess depend on Mata_Kuliah and NRP by together. In other dissimilar meaning for the Mata_Kuliah of same and NRP, hence Assess also is of equal, because Mata_Kuliah and NRP represent the key ( having the character of unique ).

Mata_Kuliah ∕→ NRP
NRP ∕→ Assess

First Normal Form - 1NF

A tables told to be at the normal form of I of if he do not be at the form of unnormalized table, where happened by the field duplication which of a kind and enable there is field which null ( empty )

Do not can is existence of :

· valuable attribute a lot of ( Multivalued Attribut).

· Composite Attribut or combination from both.

Becoming :
Price of Domain attribute have to represent the price atomic

EXAMPLE (1)

• Tabless of is above ineligibility 1NF

EXAMPLE (2)

Tables of student

Tables of Hobby

Second Normal Form - 2NF

Normal form 2NF fullfiled in a tables of if have fulfilled the form 1NF, and all attribute of besides primary key, intactly own the Functional Dependency of at primary key

A tables do not fulfill 2NF, if there is attribute which its depending ( Functional Dependency) only have the character of the just just parsial ( only depend on some of primary key

If there are attribute which do not own the depending to primary key, hence the attribute have to be moved or eliminated

Functional depending of X → Y told by full (of) if vanishing an attribute A from X mean the Y shall no longger hinge functional.
Functional depending of X →Y told by partial of if vanishing a attribute A from X mean the Y still hinge functional.
Scheme of Relationship R in the form of 2NF if every attribute of is non primary key A Î R hinge full (of) by fungsioanl at primary key R.

Tables in the following is fulfilling 1NF, but do not the inclusive of 2NF :

{NIM, KodeMk} → NameMhs

{NIM, KodeMk} → Address

{NIM, KodeMk} → Matakuliah

{NIM, KodeMk} →Sks

{NIM, KodeMk} → LetterValue

The tables require to decomposition become some up to standard tables 2NF

Functional dependency:

– NIM, KodeMk} → LetterValue (fd1)

– NIM → {NameMhs, Address} (fd2)

– KodeMk → {Matakuliah, Sks} (fd3)

• becoming :

– fd1 (NIM, KodeMk, LetterValue) → Tables Value

– fd2 (NIM, NameMhs, Address) → Tables of student

– fd3 (KodeMk, Matakuliah, Sks) → Tables MataKuliah

Third Normal Form - 3NF) (1)

Normal form 3NF fullfiled by if have fulfilled the form 2NF, and otherwise there is attribute of is non primary key owning depending to attribute of[is non primary key the other ( depending transitif).

· So that the tables require to didekomposisi become.:

· Student (NIM, NameMhs, Jalan, KodePos)

KodePos (KodePos, Provinsi, Town)

Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BNCF)

Normal Boyce-Codd of Form have the constraint which is stronger than Normal form third. To become the BNCF, relationship have to in the form of Normal of first and every attribute forced to base on the function of at super attribute of key.

At example of hereunder there are Seminar relationship, Lock the Primary is NPM + Seminar

Student may take one or two seminar. Every seminar require 2 counsellor and every student guided by one of among 2 the seminar counsellor. Every counsellor only may take one just just seminar. at this example of is NPM And Seminar show a Counsellor.

Form the Seminar Relationship is Normal form Third, but do] not BCNF. Because Seminar Code still hinge the function of at Counsellor, if every Counsellor can teach only one seminar. Seminar base on one attribute of non super of key such as those which disayaratakan by BCNF. Hence

Seminar relationship have to be broken to become two that is :

Fifth and fourth Normal form

Relationship in the form of fourth normal ( 4 NF) if relationship in BCNF and tdak contain the depending of a lot of value. To eliminate the depending of a lot of value from one relationship, we divide the relationship become two new relationship. Each relationship contain two attribute having relation of a lot of value.
Relationship in the form of fifth normal ( 5NF) dealing by properti is so-called join without existence of information loss ( lossless join). fifth Normal form ( 5 NF is also referred as by PJNF ( normal projection join of form). This case very rare emerge and difficult to be detected practically

DATABASE AND ER-DIAGRAM QUIZ

2009-04-18T20:55:00.000-07:00

DATABASE AND ER-DIAGRAM

DEFINITION of DATA BASES

Definition of data Bases:

- A group of on file data in magnetic disk, optical disk or depository of other sekunder

- Inwrought collection from data which each other is interconnected the than a[n enterprise ( company, governmental institution or private sector)

- Manufacturing business : production planning data, data produce the aktual, data of material ordering, dll

- Hospital : patient data, doctor, nurse, dll

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Corps / database merger with the application software being based on database

This application program is used to access and look after the database

Especial target of DBMS is provide an efficient and easy environment for the use of, withdrawal and depository of data and information

BEET, BYTE, FIELD

Beet : representing part of containing smallest data assess 0 or 1

Byte : corps from beet which of a kind

Field : a group of byte-byte which of a kind, in data bases used by a attribute term

ATRIBUT/FIELD

Representing the nature of or characteristic from an entitas providing clarification detail of about the entitas

An relationship also can own the attribute

Follow the example of the attribute:

- STUDENT: NIM, NAME, ADDRESS

- CAR: NOMOR_PLAT, COLOUR, TYPE, CC

ATTRIBUTE TYPE

- Single Vs multivalue

Single : only can be filled [by] at most one value

Multivalue : can be filled with interest from one value with the same type

- Atomic Vs composition

Atomic : indiscrete into smaller attribute

Composition : representing merger from some smaller attribute

-Derived Attribute

attribute which its value can be yielded from other dissimilar attribute value,

for example : age yielded from attribute of is date of delivering birth

-Null Value Attribute

Attribute which do not own the value to an record

-Mandatory Value Attribute

Attribute which must own value

RECORD / TUPLE

Representing an data line in an relationship

Consist of by attribute corps of where the attribute interact to inform the entitas / relationship completely

ENTITAS / FILE

File represent the corps from record which of a kind and have the same element, attribute of is of equal but different each other data value.

File Type

In application process :

- Mains File

- Transaction File

- Report File

- History File

- Protector File

- File Work

DOMAIN

Domain represent the corps from values enabled to stay in one or more attribute. Each Every attribute in an bases of data relasional defined by as an domain

LOCK THE DATA ELEMENT

Key is element record weared to find the the record when accessing or can is lso used to identify each every entity / record

TYPE KEY

- Superkey represent one or more attribute from a[n tables which can be used to identify the entity / record from tables uniquely (do not all attribute can become the superkey)

- Cadidate Key is super of key with the minimum attribute. Candidate Key may not contain the attribute from other tables so that candidate key beyond question superkey but not yet of course on the contrary.

- Primary Key

One of attribute from candidate key can be selected / determined to become the primary key with three criterion :

1. The Key more natural to be used as reference

2. The Key more simple

3. The Key well guaranted unique.

- Alternate Key is attribute from candidate key which is not chosen become the primary key.

- Foreign Key represent any attribute subjecting to primary key of at other tables. Foreign Key will be became of by an relationship owning kardinalitas one to many ( one to a lot of) or many to many ( a lot of to a lot of). Foreign Key usually is always placed at tables aiming to a lot of.

- Key represent a[n lexical attribute ( or gathering of lexical attribute) what its values always identify one

object instance

ERD ( ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM)

ERD is an network model using wording kept in system in abstraction.

Difference of between DFD and ERD :

- DFD represent an model of function network to be executed by system

- ERD represent the model of data network emphasizing at structure and relationship data

ELEMENT ERD

- ENTITY

At ER of Diagram Entity depicted with the long form persegi. Rntity is something that there is in real system and also abstraction of where on file data or where there are data.

- Relationship

At ER of Diagram relationship can be depicted with a lozenged. Relationship is natural relation that happened between entitas. Generally called with the elementary verb. so that facilitate to do the its relationship read.

- Relationship Degree

is amount entitas participating in one relationship. Degree which is often weared in ERD.

- Attribute

is the nature of or characteristic of each entitas and also relationship

- Kardinalitas

showing optimum tupel which can berelasi by entitas at other entitas

Degree Relationship

- Unary Relationship

is model relationship that happened between entity coming from entity set same.

- Binary Relationship

is model relationship that happened between 2 entitas.

- Ternary Relationship

representing relationship of between instance from 3 type entitas unilaterally.

KARDINALITAS

There are 3 kardinalitas relationship that is :

- One To One : Mount the relation one to one expressed with one occurence of at first entitas, only have one relation with one occurence of at secondary entitas conversely.

- One To Many or Many to One : Mount the relation one to a lot of is equal to a lot of to one depended from which direction of the relation of looking.For one occurence of at first entitas can have the many relation with the occurence of at secondary entitas, if on the contrary one occurence of at secondary entitas can only have the relationwith one occurence of at first entitas.

- Many To Many : happened by if each every occurence of at a entitas have the many relation with the occurence of at other entitas

NOTATION ( DIAGRAM E-R)

Symbolic Notation in diagram ER is :

- Long sided square express the gathering entitas

- Radian express the attribute

- Rhombic express the relationship gathering

- Mark with lines as link of between relationship gathering with the gathering of entitas and Gathering Entitas with its attribute

DFD QUIZ

2009-04-05T03:33:00.000-07:00

DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

FLOW CHART DATA

- Referred as also Data of Flow Diagram ( DFD)

- Depicting system division into smaller module

- Facilitating wearer which less comprehend the computer area to understand the system to be done

CONTEXT DIAGRAM

- Consist of by one process and depict the scope from an system

- Representing highest level from DFD depicting entire/all input to system and outpur from system

- System limited by boundary ( depicted by dash line)

- There may not be any depository ( storage)

DIAGRAM of ZERO

Depicting process from DFD

Opening on to by totally hit the system handled, showing existing especial process or function, stream of data and eskternal entity

At this level is enabled by the existence of data storage

For the process of which is not detailed again at level hereinafter is hence enhanced by a symbol ‘*’ or ‘ P’ by the end of number process the

balance of Input and output ( balancing) of between diagram 0 with the context diagram have to be looked after

DIAGRAM DETAILED THE

Representing Diagram elaborating process of what there is in diagram of zero or level of above his

Nama Level	Nama Diagram	Nomor Proses
0	Context
1	Diagram 0	1.0, 2.0, 3.0, ...
2	Diagram 1.0	1.1, 1.2, 1.3, ...
3	Diagram 1.1	1.1.1, 1.1.2, ...

In one level shall not there are more than 7 fruit process and maximal 9, if/when more hence must be done dekomposisi.

SPECIFICATION OF PROCESS

Each Every process of at DFD have to own the specification of process

At top level method used to depict the process earn by using descriptive sentence

At more level detailed that is at process most under ( functional primitive) requiring more specification is structure

Specification of process will become the guidance for programmer in making program ( coding)

Method used in specification of process: breakdown of process in the form of story, decision table, decision tree

EXTERNAL UNION

Something that of beyond system, but he give the data into system or give the data from system

Symbol : notation box

External of entity do not the inclusive of the part of system

Naming:

Terminal name in the form of noun

Terminal may not own the same name except its object (it) is true is of equal

DATA CURRENT

Representing place emit a stream of it information

Depicted with the connective straight line ofcomponent from system

Data current shown with the direction bow and mark with lines called by for data current emiting a stream of

Data current emit a stream of among process, data storage and show the data current from data which is in the form of input for the system of.

DATA CURRENT 2

guidance of name Gift:

name of data Stream consisted of by some word stream attributed to by a continued line

There may not be any data stream which its name is of equal, name gift have to mirror the its contents

Data stream consisted of by some element can be expressed by grup is element

Avoid the word use ‘ data’ and ‘ information’ to give the name of at data stream

name of data Stream writed complete.

DATA CURRENT 3

Rule of is other dissimilar:

name of data Stream which come into a[n process may not is equal to secretory data stream name from the process

incoming data Flow, go out from data storage needn't be called by if:

- simple Data stream, is easy to comprehended,

- Data stream depicting entire/all data item

There may not be any data stream from terminal to data storage or on the contrary because terminal of non part of system, terminal relation with the data storage have to passing process

PROCESS

Process represent what done by system

Process earn the mengolah of data or incoming data stream become the data stream go out the

Process function the mentransformasikan one or some input data become one or some output data as according to specification wanted

Each Every process own one or some input and also yield one or some output

Process is often referred as by bubble.

PROCESS 2

guidance of name Gift process the:

Name process consisted of by the verb and noun mirroring the process function

Don't use the word process as part of name of an bubble

There may not be any some process owning same name

Process have to be given by number.

DATA DEPOSIT

Data Storage represent the existing data repository in system

Symbol : a couple of parallel line / two line wrongly one side from other side opened

Process can take the data from or give the data to database

guidance of name Gift:

- Name have to mirror the data storage,

- If its name more than one word hence have to be said the word to by joint

DATA DICTIONARY

Functioning assist the system perpetrator to interpret the application in detail and organizational all data element used by a system precisely so that wearer and system analyst have the same congeniality base about input, output, depository and process

At phase analyse the, data dictionary used as by communication means of between system analyst with the wearer

At phase of system scheme, data dictionary used to design the input, report and database

Data current of at DAD have the character of global, boldness more detailed visible at data dictionary

Data dictionary load the followings:

- name of data Current: have to be noted by reader to needing furthermore clarification about a[n data current can look for it easily

- name of is differend from data can be writed by if (there are) any

- Data form: used to group the data dictionary into its use time of system scheme

- Data current: showing where from data emit a stream of and where data go to the

- Clarification: giving clarification of about meaning from data current

BALANCING of IN DFD

Data Stream which come into and go out from one process have to is equal to data stream which come into and go out from detail of process of at level / level of under.

Name of data Stream which come into and go out from one process have to is equal to incoming data stream name into and go out from detail of the process

Sum up and external name entitas from a[n process have to is equal to amount and external name entitas from detail of the process

Things which must be gave attention to by DFD owning more than one level:

- Have to there are balance of input and output of between one next level and level

- Balance of between level 0 and level 1 seen at input / output from data stream to or from terminal of at level 0, while balance of between level 1 and level 2 seen at input / output from data stream to / from pertinent process

- name of data Stream, data of storage and terminal of at every level have to is of equal if its object is of equal

INTERDICT of IN DFD

Data Current may not from direct external entitas go to the other external entitas without through an process

Data current may not from direct data deposit go to the external entitas without through an process

Data current may not from direct data deposit go to the other data deposit without through an process

Data current from one direct process go to the other process without through an data deposit better / can is possible avoided

FOURTH QUIZ

2009-03-27T21:47:00.000-07:00

PERCEPTION of EARLY REQUIREMENT ANALYSE.

CONCEPT of INVESTIGATION SYSTEM

- Difference of between target of system and system condition in fact

- Report detect the problem do not really real

1. Target too ideal

2. Lacking of resource and or attitude

3.System measurement less be accurate

4. System target of under developed

5. Difference of between system of ideal and system of whereas

- Problem Solving:

1. System Formulation which is walk

2.Getting ideal system consensus

3. Developing some alternative

4. Chosening best alternative

Investigation target is show the problem which is in fact happened

CONSTRAINT IN SYSTEM of INVESTIGATION

Some constraint which often emerge in Conducting invesment of like :

1.Time

2.Expense

3. Science

4.Political

5.Interference

Result from investigation is a containing recommendation for example :

1.Do not bring an action against because is not found by a problem

2.Conducting system conservancy

3. Improving ability or wearer skill

4.Considering system modification totally

5. Placing problem that happened into plan of system development which is immediately conducted

INVESTIGATION TACTICS

-Tactics in needing to to find all problem, knowing cause of problem appearance, determining correct solution

-Conducted so that all system element can accept the solution offer without bothering their activity

- Some tactics which can be conducted:

1. Listening opinion of system perpetrator

2.Don't give the resolving of early

3. Comparing story of some people of system perpetrator to same case

4.Paying attention to problem of inkonsistensi logical

- Technique directly:

1. Kuesioner

2.Question and answer

3. Perception

- Technique indirectly:

1. Procedure stream

2. Learning document

3. Sampel

4. Tabular

DESKRIPSI SYSTEM

- Input

-Output

- File

-Data element

-Volume of Transaction and action document

-flow chart Data

REQUIREMENT OF ANALYSIS.

intensive Interaction Phase between system analyst by end is user of where team of system development show its membership to get the response and wearer belief so that get the good participation

4.TARGET WHICH WISH REACHED

- Explaining system completely

-Depicting ideal information system

-Bringing ideal information system to condition in this time by paying attention to resource constraint

-Giving motivation to wearer confidence into system development

Method :

- Question And Answer

- Kuisioner

- Observation

- Procedure analyse the

- Document perception

Resource constraint of like:

Time, Money, Membership, Technological and Factor Eksternal

The Requirement Document analyse

- Instruction analyse the : Relation with the final wearer, perception process, problem of data collecting

- Wearer Requirement : Requirement in fact, Report requirement, requirement of training and new system influence

- System Constraint : Explaining constraint of time and expense, membership, technological and factor eksternal

- Document in the form of data collecting instrument, statistical consensus, data stream by logikal and physical, data element of early in data dictionary.

GENERATING SYSTEMS ALTERNATIVES

Way of drawing near system condition in this time with the ideal system condition

1. Making alternative to solve problem the information system

2. the Best alternative applied wisely

Strategy Choice

- Distributed Versus centralized processing : change of information Decision from centralized of data processing to decentralized end user responsibility center

- Integrated Versus dispersed database : System designer have to consider the data of any kind of incoming in data base and which come into the File

- Surround Strategy of System Development : Environmental about important strategy in the case of confiscation of because information system from other dissimilar company possible differ from the company in this time.

Tactics Choice

Conducted by before choice of operational scheme

- Choice of Operational Scheme

Scheme Choice can be grouped by into

Input

Online Vs Off Line Data Entry

Keyed Vs Machine Readable Data Entry

Centralized Vs Decentralized Data Entry

Processing

Batch of Vs Realtime record update

Sequential Vs Direct Access to records

Single Vs Multiple User update the of records

Output

Traditional Vs Turn Around Documents

Structured Vs Inquiry based reports

SELECTING THE PROPER SYSTEM

- Tactics compare the : System compared to by pursuant to expense and advantage relatively There is 3 way of system A told by more pre-eminent with the other system if :

1. A have the lower expense from B and advantage of both is of equal

2. A have the lower expense from B and A yield the advantage which is more than B

3. A And B have the expense of is of equal but advantage yielded by A of more amount

- Some Method of Komparasi System

1. Break Even point Analyisis

2. Payback Period

3. Discounted Payback period

4. Internal of Rate Of Return

Katagori Expense

- Hardware

- Software

- People

- Suppliers

- Teleccommunications

- Physical Sites

Expense Detail

Comparing expense of information system of through system life, projection analyst of how many expense change for the future and there is 3 model of expense of information system that is Linear, Eksponensial And Step Function

SELECTING THE PROPER SYSTEM.

- Expense of information system can just be happened once and earn is also happened chronically

- Expense of just information system that happened once that is ontime cost and development cost that happened system development moment

- Expense of information system that happened continually among other things is reccuring cost and also operational cost of where this expense is happened by the moment of information system operate every day.

INFORMATION SYSTEM FACTOR

Factor Qualitative instructing good information system performance among other things :

- Lessening mistake storey level

- Lessening time to improve repair the mistake

- Lessening time listen carefully from workstation alternative

- Quickening ready time of information

- Improving system security

- Multiply to update the active source record

- Improving wearer satisfaction

FACTOR of COMPANY STRATEGY

- Consumer Satisfaction

- Mount the sale mount the

- Komitmen of Consumer and vendor

- product marketing Information

PRESENTING SYSTEM STUDY

- Conducting presentation in a word

- Lessening technique clarification in detail

- Presenting clearly by means of assist visual

- If using model use the assistive appliance for example laptop so that more informative

- Emphasizing advantage from proposal of information system with a few existing alternative according to natural by condition of company

DECISION CONTINUE OR NOT

- If company set mind on to develop the system hence information department will conduct the process hereinafter that is Process The Desain System

- If on the contrary hence System Development Life Cycle ( SDLC) will be discontinued

- Frequently will be found by problem with the study system and and usually top management will ask conducting of reworking to study system

- Model will explain the some part of step repeated and sometime information department will make decision to repeat the step of before explaining study system

- With the alternative, decision to repeat a not to speak of or previous step SDLC of Go – No – Go Decision.

Third Quiz

2009-03-07T02:40:00.001-08:00

1. Its his develop an information system is mean to compile a system which to replace the system old ones as a whole or improve repair the system which there have, System old ones require to be improve repaired or in changing.

2. Target in developing a[n information system is :

1. Existence of problems of arising out in system old ones like :

a. Soltving Problems

This solving problem can be in the form of the insincerity and intentional mistake insincerity can cause the truth from data less be well guaranted, its not efficient operate

b. Organizational growth

Organizational Growth among other things is information requirement which is wide progressively, volume of data processing progressively mount. Caused by it is this change make the old system is not effective again.

2. To reach for the opportunity

Organizational start to feel that information technology require to be used ready to increase information so that can support in course of decision making to be done by management. In a state of market compete the, time efficiency very determining of success or do not it him strategy and plans to reach for the existing opportunity

3. Existence of instruktions

New System compilation can be happened by caused by its is instruction from head or organizational outside, like for example governmental regulation.

3. Expectation after applying a information system is :

a. Performance, improvement to new system performance so that become more effective. Measurable performance by Throughput is and response time. Where throughput is work amount which can be conducted at the time of certain and Response time is time mean delayed among two transaction added with the time response to answer to the the work

b. Information, improvement to presented information quality

c. Economy, performance to benefit or advantage or decreasing cost that happened

d. Control, performance to operation to detect and improve;repair the mistake and also insincerity that happened

e. Efficiency, improvement to efficiency operate for the. Efficiency relate to how resource can be used with the most extravagance of minimum. Measurable efficiency from outputnya divided by its input

f. Services, improvement to service given by system.

4. Principle in developing a[n information system is :

1. System developed is to menajemen.

After system finish hence to use the information from this system is management, so that system have to can support the management requirement

2. System developed by is big capital invesment

Information system to be developed to require the capital fund which by dozens. hence each;every capital invesment have to consider 2 matter for example all investigation alternative which must and best invesment have to be valuable

3. System developed need one who educated

Human being represent the primary factor determining success or failure of a system. There fore involver in development or system use one who have to be educated of existing about problems. here non meaning have to formally but can be done in grounding ( on the job training) so that they know about way of using applied system

4. Step work and duties which must be done in course of development system.

Process the system development generally entangle some step work and a[n team to do it. System Development Life Cycle generally show the step by step work and duty which must be done. Some methodology of system development also provide more detailed the job concept which must be done in course of system development.

5. Process the development system do not have to massage the

The example, time process the levying hardware done, meaningless process the system development of the other discontinued just to wait to come the hardware which need, but can be done by a irrespective otherdissimilar scheme of existence hardware

6. Don'T fear to cancel the project

Decision to continue a project or cancel it is true have to be evaluated by the carefully of so that fund is not permeated fruitlessly. Ekonom mention the fund is permeated by the name of sunk cost. If project which improper still be continued by next again,so fund will be permeated without effect

7. Documentation there must be for the guidance of in development system

documentation just made at the (time) of system development still in course of, because documentation can be yielded from result of every step in system development. Documentation made serve the purpose of communications substance of between analyst with the system consumer and applicable to push the involvement of system wearer.

5. Model of Waterfall

Requirements give service, definition, and system target determining to through consultancy with system user. Last to design which is process scheme of system divide conditions in hardware system and software. Determining system architecture as a whole. Hereinafter Implementation which design software realized as with refer toing program unit or program entangling verification that eachevery unit have fulfilled its specification.Afterwards to verification represent program unit or integrated individual program and tested as complete system to guarantee that conditions of system have been fulfilled. After examination of system, software sent to User.Last maintenance include cover correction and various error which do not be found by at previous phases, repair of system unit implementation and development of service of system.

Model of Iterasi

First do Initial planning that is making planning. Requirements collecting requirement completely later;then [is] later;then analysed and defined [by] requirement which must fulfill by program to be woke up. Analysis & design in doing after requirement have been collected completely. Mendesain program Implementation translated into codes by using Ianguage of pemrograman which have been determined. Testing federating of program units is later then tested as a whole then terakhing with evaluation which evaluating.

Model of Spiral

Determine Objective determine the intention of determined phase. Boundaries at product and process have been known. Planning have been prepared. Identify risks resolve and each;every risk analysed in detail at this sector. Handling stages steps done, for example making prototype to know to incompatibility of Validation test and kebutuhan.Development which after risk evaluation, hence system development model selected. If part of security having problem, hence using formal model with mathematical calculation. Planning representing royek evaluated or ditinjau-ulang and set mind on to continue to phase of loop hereinafter or do not.

6. Explaining approach in developing a system

1. Classic approach fight against the structure approach

Classical Approach represent the opponent from structured approach. methodologies of Approach of klsik of system development by following step in system life cycle. Start early 1970 emerging a new approach is so-called structure approach. This approach try to provide to analyst of technique system to develop the system

2. Rasher approach fight against the approach system

Piecemeal Approach represent the approach of system development emphasizing at a just just certain application or activity. activity Or application selected to be developed by regardless of position of at the system. While at systems approach pay attention to information system as one union to each its application. This approach emphasize at the goal achievement of entirety do not only emphasize at that information system is just just

3. Approach of under going up approach opponent for decreasing

Bottom-up Approach started from level of under organization that is level operational of where this transaction done. Approach is started from requirement formulation to handle the transaction and climb the level for by formulating information requirement of pursuant to the transaction. While top-down approach is on the contrary started from level for organization that is level of strategy planning. this Top-down Approach is started by defining organizational.

4. modular Total-system Approach fight against the of approach

Total-system Approach represent the approach developing system by totally. Approach difficult to be developed and inclusive of classical approach. While modular of approach try to break the complicated system become more simple so that system will be more is easy to comprehended and develop

5. Approach of jumping movement far fight against the approach expand the

Great Loop approach apply the change totally at a time use the sophisticated technology. This change a lot of risk of because computer technology so quickly expand as well as too costly. While evolutionary approach apply the sophisticated technology just to application just needing and will be non-stoped to be developed for the period of next according to requirement.

7. - Methodologies is method union, procedure, work concepts, order and postulate used by a science, artistic or the other discipline.

- Algorithm is procedure sequence for the trouble-shooting of this.

- Method is a way of systematic technique to do something

8. explaining the three classification of development methodologies

1. Functional Decomposition methodologies

This methodologies emphasize at the resolving from system into smaller subsistem so that easy to dipahami,dirancang and applied. Between HIPO, Stepwise Refinement, Information-Hiding

2. Data of Oriented methodologies

This methodologies emphasize at the characteristic from data to be processed. This methodologies can be grouped to become two,Data flow oriented methodologies and Data of structure oriented methodologies

3. Presciptive Methodologies

- ISDOS, usefulness from ISDOS is automatization process the development of system information

- PLEXSYS, usefulness from PLEXSYS is to do the transformasi of a high level statement Ianguage computer to a[n executable code to an wanted hardware configuraton

- PRIDE, representing a inwrought software is which is good to analysis / desain system structure

- SDM / 70, representing a software contain the method corps , documentation and administration guide utilize to assist the wearer develop and take care of the system.

- SPECTRUM, this software own some version for which diffrent,example spectrum1 for the life of conventional cycle , spectrum2 for the management of project of terstuktur,dan spectrum3 for the online of interactive estimator.

- SRES And SREM, in SRES of wearer requirement expressed in RSL(REQUIREMENT Statement Language). SRES is first time found in Texas Instruments Advanced Scientic year 1976.SRES owning same concept by ISDOS

9. Mentioning tool to develop a system

graph

HIPO Diagram
Data of Flow diagram
Structured Chat
SADT Diagram
Warnier / orr diagram
Jakson's Diagram

schema

activity charting
layout charting
personal relationship chartin

10. explaining technique used in develop a system

a. technique of menajemen project, that is CPM and PERT. Used for schedulling project

b. fact finding techniques that is technique which can be used to collect the fact in existing system

c. cost effectiveness analysis or cost benefit analysis

d. technique to run close the

e. inspection technique / walkthrough

11. Systems Analyst is one who systems analysis ( learning problem of arising out and determine the requirement of system wearer) to identify the resolving which have to the occasion.

Programmer of Is one who write the code program the to a certain application pursuant to device develop build which have been made by a system analyst

1. knowledge And membership of about technological data processing technique of computer and pemrograman computer

2. Knowledge of about business in general

3. Knowledge about quantitative method

4. Communications of Pemechan problem

5. Communications membership usher the personnel

6. Communications construct the relation user personnel

Refference :

Donald H. Saders, Computer Today, (Edisi kedua: New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985),

chapter 12.

Lihat Wilkinson, Accounting and Information Systems, (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982), chapter. 547-549.

Beck, Kent. “Extreme Programming”. www.extremeprogramming.org

The Basic Concept of System

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The Basic Concept of System

1.1 Elementary Concept of Information

Information is data processed become the more form good for and more meaning for accepting .

System characteristic

The system have characteristic or nature of certain that is having components,boundary,environments,intervace,input, output, process, objectives, goal.

Calssification of system

system can be classified from some its angle;corner of him is:

system classified as abstract system and physical system. Abstract system is:

Abstraction System is system in the form of opinion or idea. Follow the example of the : religion system, custom system.

Physical System is existing system in physical. Example : computer system, system akutansi, system produce.

Natural System is system that happened through natural process. Example : gravitation system. Brand System is system entangling interaction of human being mechanically.Example : computer system, SI
Certain System is system operating with the behaviour earn the diprediksi. Example : computer system.

System is not certain is system which its future condition cannot diprediksi. Example : system of product sale.

Closed System is system which not correlate and is not imbued with external environment. Open System is coresponding system and there is influence environmentally outside.

1.2 Elementary Concept of Information

Information is data processed become the more form good for and more meaning for accepting

Information Cycle

Data processed by through a model become the information, receiver later;then accept the the information, making a[n data and conduct action, meaning to yield a other action to make a number of the data return.

The data will in catching as input, in process return to pass a[n model and so on form a cycle

Information Quality

Accurate : Information free from the mistake and not deflect or mislead

Punctual : Incoming information at receiver may not Lose time

Relevant : Information have the benefit for the usage of its

Assess Information

Assess the information determined from two matter that is benefit and expense get. Information will be valuable if big added significance from expense get

haiiii

2009-02-20T22:03:00.000-08:00

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